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Sustainable environmental dredging reliability

1. Introduction

Dredging is the process of excavation under water in order to maintain the depth of the navigation channels. Dredging is necessary to develop and maintain infrastructure navigation, retrieval, maintenance of river flow, the beach restoration and environmental rehabilitation of contaminated sediments. To study environmental impact of dredging is not new and recently he is concerned about the balance between the need for dredging, economic viability, social approval and appropriate environmental protection technique can be difficult. Several methods have been applied to the management of dredging activities, but decided in the best practices approach is also swamp challenge requiring a high level of understanding of technical and economic aspects of the dredging process. input from experts and specialists in ecology dredging. participation Community of port authorities, regulatory agencies, the dredging industry and NGOs, environmentalists and private sector consultants.

. 2. The need for formal and dredging

Dredging is the excavation, elevation and sediment transport in water and soil for construction and maintenance of ports and waterways, dams and other infrastructure for the recovery, maintenance flow of rivers, the beach restoration, extracting mineral resources, particularly sand and gravel, for example the use in industry construction, and remediation of contaminated sediment from the environment.

Worldwide, hundreds of millions cubic meters (m3) of sediment dredged annually, with most of this volume to be treated in coastal regions. Part of this total represents Capital dredging is the excavation of sediment to create ports and waterways. Maintenance dredging maintains adequate water depth for safe navigation for the periodic removal of accumulated sediment from natural disasters and man-sedimentation. Dredging maintenance can vary from almost continuous throughout the year with a rare activity that occurs only once every few years. Activities Dredging provide social benefits, economic and environmental entire community. Table of hydrography and bathymetry map guide to vision of discrete water depth. Vigilante is necessary for the bottom as they are subject to sudden change which leads to decreased depth due to floods or drought. Study of a navigation channel to locate the area of dredging carried out through drawing contours or lines connecting points of equal depth, the map for ship captains and pilots can get an idea of the hills' and valleys under water [1,3].

Dredged materials: dredging is necessary to maintain the waterways. About 400 million cubic meters of dredged material is every year. Therefore, approximately 400 million cubic meters of material must be placed in an approved landfill or used for other purposes test Environment. sustainable disposal of dredged material is very important that all save a lot of money and used reliability and resource efficiency to the advantage of eliminating the lasting benefits [2,3]:

1. The savings in money spent on research and management of disposal sites.
2. Avoid the habitat and ecological impacts that removal may cause.
3. It saves capacity in existing landfills.
4. It can be an inexpensive alternative to buying expensive to produce construction projects.
5. It can be used to improve or restore habitat.

3. requirement Environmental Dredging Project

The tender for the dredging contract usually occurs after a full technical design is completed (ie after the planning and design phase). However, for other types of mechanisms contracting (eg design and construction) tender may occur early in the overall project process, which requires the Contractor Making Much of the assessment and design work. Table 1 shows phases of the dredging project and risk management components.

The planning phase and design starts with the general definition of functional requirements to achieve the project objectives. It aims to assess the impacts potential environmental and possible regulatory restrictions, and ends with the preparation of project specifications. The phase of planning and design is used to identify risk areas and the option to control risks in advance to help protect the environment during dredging activities, transportation and disposal and subsequent monitoring and possible corrective actions. Elements of the project design include:

1. Functional Requirements
2. Conceptual Design
3. Regulatory Framework
4. Baseline Environment
5. Stakeholder input
6. Assessing the potential impact on the baseline, following the construction and operations post-project.
7. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
8. Risk Control Option
9. Prepare project design and specifications

 

Afinal design addresses all the main elements of design: engineering design, environmental management, the sequence of construction and construction management. The specification level of detail will depend on the type of contract, thecomplexity the project, and experience with the dredging of both the project sponsor and contractor (s). Additional environmental review may be necessary to provide that any residual risk, or the real impact is acceptable risk control option should be based on defining specific requirements for technical and political project. Studies conducted during the environmental impact assessment and project planning and regulatory information and stakeholders can contribute to technical information for informed choices of risks, including [3,4]:  

1. characterization of sediments (eg, size distribution, the level of contamination, etc.)
2. Bathymetric / topographic profiles design, which determines the volume of dredged sediments;
3. Knowledge of hydraulics / hydrodynamics and oceanographic conditions may restrict operations;
4. The use of destination or at the end of dredged material, including investment options and location
5. Environmental functions and the value of the dredge, the establishment of boundary conditions of the environment;
6. Value environmental management areas of dredging materials (eg, placement in confined or enclosed spaces, beneficial use options);
7. Current uses of the site (eg navigation, recreation, commercial fishing, the quality of [air, noise, light] life impact) implement reasonable measures of performance;
8. Legal Notices.

Environmental problems related to future use and maintenance of the project from the state of the building should consider the areas of plant operation, maintenance, future, long-term monitoring. During the construction phase, the contractor assumes responsibility to meet the requirements of the Main specifications, including assembly and contract conditions for environmental clearance and implementation of risk control options. Key Steps the construction phase include:

 

1. Bids and award contract
2. Define entrepreneur chooses Building Methods and Materials
3. Project Implementation: Risk control option-based best practices

2a shows an example of the message of the impact of dredging on Kuala Terengganu

 

Figure 2a impacts Post Kuala Terengganu on dredging

 

5.0 Environmental requirements Dredging Project Risk

 

Risk analysis in a dredging project, including taking account of the accession to the precautionary principle. These methods of evaluating the significance likely impacts and major environmental features that should be discussed during the two phases and planning mechanisms for implementation and impacts may occur.

 

Qualitative rating 5.1 based on the environmental impact

 

Description of the environment in which the dredging and placement of dredging materials will be made is a prerequisite for prudent decision making for environmental protection. A thorough knowledge of the basic conditions necessary for a proposed dredging environmental effects can be properly assessed and monitored against an agreed sum. The data should cover the natural variation trends seasonal and long-term trends provide a context to determine if a change is the result of dredging or not. At a minimum, the characterization of the environment that may be affected should be to recent studies (conducted over the past three years) and studies relevant environmental attributes.

For reliability studies must be performed by a qualified scientific and technical uses methods. The limit includes the hydrological cycle physiographic boundaries ecological, social and political areas of the project. In general, the types of data are needed to characterize the sites of dredging and placement, transportation corridor and the areas around these sites, which could be affected indirectly, to meet adequately the range of management options [5, 6]:

1. Adjacent bathymetric and topographic data;
2. Distribution habitats and species;
3. Resources such as fish stocks, shellfish, oil and gas, mining and World spawning areas;
4. The physical and chemical sediments;
5. Water quality;
6. hydrodynamic data;
7. Cultural resources, including archaeological and conditions of anthropology;
8. Demography and human characteristics land use;
9. Users of environmental resources such as commercial fishing, recreational and subsistence
10. shipping routes, and
11. Services in the project area, such as pipelines and cables.

It is also necessary to consider the cumulative impacts. Some ongoing activities such as fishing and navigation, could have an impact, in combination with the result of the proposed dredge in more significant effects resulting from project activities alone. This information is usually included in the assessment of impact.

5.2 Among the environmental risk assessment and environmental impact assessment

In practice, different approach is used to evaluate and "measure" of the environmental impact of a dredging project. ERA is defined as the examination risk technologies that threaten ecosystems, animals and humans (EEA 1998). There are three main types of efficiency: human health, ecological, and applied to the industrial risk assessment. The origin of the ISS is the assessment of risks in the industry. Then the same approach was applied to a larger scale to assess the risk of release of chemicals to human health. The latter risk developments ecological assessment follows the same approach to the effectiveness of human health but extend to the assessment "Endpoints" to other species than humans.

A classical approach to environmental risk assessment begins the problem formulation and identification of risks (or hazards). Then the possible ways of releasing the threat is considered, and exposure the chosen target species is evaluated. The final steps are assessment of the impact and risk assessment. Some measures that require the use of models (for example, the release assessment and exposure), and the result is a quantitative assessment. It is noteworthy that many choices must be made in the design of risk assessment, and thus the definition and the method used in each of them will be important for the final result [7].

The difference between efficiency and EIA is that it does not address the risks and probabilities. In general, potential impacts are anticipated and evaluated quantitatively or qualitatively. However, he also used the models needed for many decisions in the design of the evaluation, which could influence the final result. All assessment of the impacts of a project is facing difficulties and uncertainties, partly because of scientific uncertainties involved, but partly because of decisions taken to develop and define the problem. The impact assessment should specify the number of species for inclusion and what is entangled in regulations nontrivial (ethical, environmental and economic) issues.

5.3-Design based on risk and the precautionary principle

No part of dredging projects can say that because of the great variability Nature is often the lack of full scientific certainty on the scale of potential impacts. Pursuant to the decision of the precautionary principle to abandon a project should be a last resort after a thorough review of all operations of venture capital and reasonable to conclude that adequate protection of the environment can be achieved. Prohibit dredging can guarantee that no impacts, but also can generate a high risk to human security (eg, lack of provision of banks with navigation) or result in lost business and damage to the economy. The OCR should be chosen so that the precise threshold, defined and quantitative ideal of protection can be achieved (for example, measures to control the suspension Sediment in a fixed / long range). The work on environmental issues has always meant the difference because the impact analysis. Change Global warming could be considered a first example, where is widely this strong relationship between science and recognized the political science studies showed that the social production of scientific knowledge plays a crucial role in increasing climate change as a matter of and global politics, while the other knowledge and research on climate change is influenced by social factors

 

In most countries, most of the dredged material placed offshore options available land is generally much more expensive then apply that when either the cost of sea transport are not inhibited or usufruct an option, or the material is contaminated as well (Burt et al., 1997a). To meet the requirement of sustainability following describes three case studies where the beneficial results of the dredging costs [10,11].

1. environmental sustainability, according to the port project in the United States Green, 2001, case study on the project to improve Browsing Boston Harbor dredging in the United States and mitigation of project construction, such as use of contaminated surface sediment metals, PAHs, PCBs and other organic compounds, the channels were too much for dredged material contaminated 20-foot boat was placed in and secured in excess of dredging in the cells of storage channels and covered with three feet of clean water, all the material deposited in the Media Bay Disposal cleaning tape.
2. Another event held in the port of copper treatments Angelis use throughout the system development in place to treat wastewater of copper marine sediments, dredging pilot study, treated and disposed of 100 tons of contaminated sediments, large project scope authorized 21,000 meters of contaminated sediment Cu, recorded $ 1.5 million in cleanup costs of alternatives.
3. Studies conducted in Europe also confirm the use of plant material processing dredging. Also the regional program of sediment management done by (USACE, 2003) compiled several methods to reduce gregarious.

 

5.4 The reliability and context for decision support

Several studies have been conducted to find the best hybrids some areas. The results of specific studies can be easily applied to other situations because the area-specific resource and energy consumption patterns and environmental differences. energy supply system with a large percentage of renewable resources varies with the size and type of area, climate, location, typical patterns of demand, and renewable resources available. A framework for aid decision is necessary to assist the design of future renewable energy supply in order to effectively manage periods transition, and encourage and advance the state of implementation of art that the systems become more economically desirable. The DSS may involve the technical feasibility of possible systems of renewable energy supplies, economic and political issues.

Reliability based DSS can facilitate supply scenarios quickly and simply tried to see how the demand for electricity, heating and transportation for a given area can be matched with the results of a wide variety of possible methods of production. This includes production electricity from intermittent sources hybrid. DSS framework to provide the right type and size of the spinning reserve, fuel production and storage energy to be fixed, and support analysis of supply and demand for an area any geographic location and type, allowing the potential supply of renewable energy and small-scale assay medium. DSS can provide power for the port and help guide the transition rates to sustainable energy supply in most areas. The hybrid configuration of how the total energy needs of an area can be achieved in a sustainable manner, the problems and benefits associated with them, and how they can be used together to form systems supply energy reliably and efficiently. The applicability and suitability of the decision demonstrated the use a case study to simulate the complex nature of sustainable development of the system design of energy supply.

5.5 Regulatory Requirements and evaluation

The legal requirements have been developed based reactive approach leads to a system failure. reactive approach is not appropriate for the introduction of new technologies in modern power generation. This appeal to the alternative philosophy to evaluate new technologies of energy production, as well as associated equipment and security systems and considerations of reliability, such a system requires the capacity analysis system and regulatory capacity. system approaches based on the evaluation of detailed regulations on the design goal basis as shown in Fig.

The IMO has adopted the use of standards based on objectives for the construction of vessels and this process can also be applied to power machines.

The legal framework for dredging

International agreements the largest dredging are the Convention of London 10, published in 1972 and revised in 1996 11 and Protocol 12 of the OSPAR Convention 1992. IMO has also present formal safety assessment for the marine system. These agreements provide a framework within which the Contracting States are obliged to operate against Material Handling and put them into the sea, however, these agreements do not understand the rules of the dredging itself, which are established primarily nationally or by the terms of the sale of land. Convention for the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter (www.londonconvention.org).

A revision of the Convention began in 1993 and was completed in 1996 with the acceptance of the Protocol of 1996 to the London Convention. The 1996 Protocol has not yet entered into force, has not yet been ratified by enough countries (19 of 26). Conventions Protection of the Marine Environment Northeast Atlantic (www.ospar.org). In addition, dredging activities are subject to national regulations, which vary widely between countries. In some cases there is a specific policy on dredging in Malaysia Royal Malaysian Navy regular dredging. So are others, but not effective system integration. (Personal communication.

5.2 Analysis of formal and quantitative engineering risk-based

"Risk" is generally understood as an expression of the relationship between a quantified risk environment or "stress" and its possible negative effects it can have on the objectives or "receivers". When we talk about risk types of stress, and the objectives of the interest must be specified. To therefore project risk can be distinguished Risk Engineering and environmental risks. But in practice, it can be very difficult to establish a quantifiable relationship between risk and target response in Due to many uncertainties in the chain of cause and effect and the dynamic nature of aquatic ecosystems. Risk analysis helps to account for half these uncertainties. Formal procedures for risk assessment have not been adopted by many regulatory agencies or have been applied mainly to dredging of contaminated sediments. Usually, the risk assessment takes the form of "professional opinion" on the basis of experience and expertise of stakeholders in project coordination [12].

Risk analysis provides an opportunity to focus on the real concerns of a project, instead of relying on certain rules and inflexible that the thresholds for pollutants Authorized Overrun or fixed percentages of a drag. For purposes of this report, risk assessment comes mainly from the EIA while risk management takes the form of identifying best management practices. The risk assessment is how the system the scientific community based on quantitative risk analysis is the practice of greater international recognition and the concept of risk analysis modest. The table shows the components of risk analysis.

The design concept to meet the needs of the marine environment As for those that are imposed on the plant and which are controlled internally. It is also necessary to examine the effects of fire, floods, lack of equipment and the staff capacity required to operate the system. To carry out a risk assessment is vital that the objectives are clearly defined terms of what is to be demonstrated. Evaluation should address the consequences of a hazard and possible effects on the system, its subsystems, personnel and environment. An assessment of the reliability and availability of a system of energy production and hybrid installation on a ship FMECA can use a tool. To be effective, FMEA requires a structured approach clearly defined

The process analysis Evaluation of safety and reliability needed to identify the objectives defined in the system functionality and playability. These two issues are related to system performance rather than compliance with a mandatory requirement in the standard. The importance of performance and integration systems that are related to safety and reliability is now recognized and evaluation tools available today is supply. Formal Safety Assessment (FSA) is recognized by the IMO as an important part of a process to develop the regulatory requirements sea. The IMO has adopted Guidelines for Formal Safety Assessment (FSA) for use in the process of the IMO Code (MSC/Circ.1023/MEPC / Circ.392). More reliability and optimization can be done using simulation tools and stochastic [8, 13].

 

5.4 The uncertainties and risks in dredging projects

 

The physical and biological aquatic environments vary both spatially and temporally. Therefore characterize these environments and assessing impacts and risks is always a degree of uncertainty. This necessitates the need to include Navy and basic understanding of the functioning of natural ecosystems and how events and human activities on these functions. In an ideal situation, all environmental risks associated environmental a dredging project would be measurable, so that the need for management practices clear and precise. In fact, dredging may affect different groups of organisms or their habitats in both spatial and temporal scales. Because the scales of the interactions between organisms and the dredging process are difficult to determine, often the consequences of a project are largely speculative. A degree of uncertainty always present on the practical need indecision special management to protect the environment.

5.4.1 Possible changes in physical and environmental impacts of dredging and dredged material disposal

 

Below water, the sound of dredges may be that the environment interference with fish behavior can lead to disruptions in migration routes, even if the fish could easily circumvent the disturbed areas without consequences. Other potential environmental impacts that are not directly related to the dredging, but associated with the presence of the dredge are oil spills, fuel and emissions escape, and the possible introduction of invasive species by the release water.One Ballast lesser known areas of concern is the impact of sediment released into the aquatic environment can occur at any stage of the excavation for placement. A high concentration of dust suspension turbidity very low, while a relatively low concentration of silt or clay suspension will be a high turbidity. allso sediment effect on flora and fauna, concentration, turbidity, total loss of sediment or the spatial distribution a plume of sediment are other impacts.

5.4.2 and temporal scales of spatial effects: effects on environment in space and time varies from project to project. Where the effects are considered to have a significant negative impact, it is necessary explore ways to reduce or mitigate them. The importance of environmental impacts depends on factors governing the vulnerability site specific and the sensitivity of environmental resources in the project area. When moving sediment is chemically contaminated, the need protection of the environment is generally recognized by all stakeholders.

Complexity with respect to uncertainty has made the need for multiple efforts to find tools evaluation and management of different types of uncertainty. As mentioned previously, the uncertainty of the word is used in many different situations to express the lack of true knowledge, of course to make a decision. Uncertainty is any deviation to the unattainable ideal of complete determinism. In the case presented here, means that uncertainty is not possible to provide a single assessment, indisputable and objective of a particular action (for example, an evaluation environmental risks of dredging). However, according to the actor (eg, the modeller, political, or interested parties) perception of nature, nature, purpose and sense of uncertainty can be very different. This will become clear in the presentation of uncertainty Perceived involved in the case. However, the simple definition given above becomes more complicated when it comes to describing the sources, or the type or size of uncertainty.

type approaches for the characterization and evaluation of uncertainty for this group focus on the uncertainties from the perspective of models that assess the political leaders (they called Decision Support based on a model). Therefore, the proposal is intended to be useful to express the uncertainty associated with the use of models, perhaps more an expression of uncertainty in terms of policy makers and stakeholders. The typology is based on the distinction between three dimensions uncertainty:

i the location of the uncertainty (or model);

ii the level of uncertainty (Deterministic knowledge to total ignorance), and

iii the nature of uncertainty (if the uncertainty is due to imperfection our knowledge or because of the inherent variability of the phenomena described).

5.5 Communication and Risk Management

 

The parties involved in a project to dredge the process differently according to their individual perceptions of risk and reward, tolerance and perceived risk individual. In this sense, there may be various types of project risk. For promoter consequences of the failure of the entire project can be very serious and usually measured in economic terms. For an ecologist possible effects on the environment can be recognized as the highest risk priority. Communication is an essential concern trade and identifying ways to mitigate as far as possible. During the risk analysis is important to balance identified environmental impacts and risks and the economic and social consequences of the project. full and transparent communication, so essential to the long process from start to finish. They are all concerned. Communication must cope with uncertainties and natural variability in the environment. It is rare that a real plan to present a clear choice between options impartial, neutral and widely accepted. Instead, the choice between options is often dictated by the values and perceptions. This tension can best be reduced through communication lines open, including:

1. A transparent process
2. Extension that begins as soon as possible and continue the project at all stages;
3. An open and honest and
4. proactive involvement of local media / regional, given its influence on public opinion may be important.

5.6 Selection and evaluation of the risk control option for dredging project

 

1. Measures could be taken to adapt the monitoring program, or a direct response to monitoring results. Based on monitoring data, adjustments to the surveillance program may include:
2. The lower level of monitoring, because no effects were observed;
3. Continue the existing monitoring program for further clarification on the answer, or
4. Develop the monitoring program to include additional parameters or other sites.
5. Then the answer can be quickly and efficiently it is necessary to establish a hierarchy of options for monitoring negative. The level of response may be directed to receptors and sensitivity. Options may include:
6. After dredging the existing regime;
7. Modify the scheme to reduce dredging actual effect of a sensitive parameter;
8. Cessation of operations in an area until more information is collected;
9. Cessation of total operations, or
10. Cessation of operations and recovery measures.

For a monitoring program be fully effective, should include timely reporting of results and actions. Stakeholders should be involved to help build the overall credibility of the program.

Risk control options designed to improve the environmental performance of a dredging project. Some type of environmental assessment or Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is normally required by international conventions. An example is the Convention London, which establishes a framework for the evaluation of dredged material placement at sea "specific guidelines for the evaluation dredged material "(International Maritime Organization 2000) includes the following steps:

1. Materials Characterization dredging;
2. Waste prevention audit and evaluation of disposal options;
3. The material is acceptable for the placement of seafarers;
4. Identify and characterize the site of placement;
5. Determine potential impacts and develop scenarios impact (s);
6. Licensing;
7. Implement projects and monitor compliance, and
8. Monitoring and field evaluation.
9. In states that focus LC-DMAF

All dredging projects and investment entail changes in the environment. Therefore necessary to determine whether they can be considered serious and / or irreversible. Since adequate information is rarely available to answer these questions with certainty, an assessment of the relative risk of permanent damage to the environment necessary. Many factors affect the overall evaluation of environmental risks, including the scale of the project, the natural variability of all system components that could be affected, the levels of contamination, and the project schedule. Preparation of an impact assessment involves collaboration between environmental scientists and environmental engineers in consultation with port authorities, dredging companies, and often a diverse set of stakeholders. The amount of information available techniques will be important, but should be used in conjunction with the perception and knowledge held by those involved. The risk assessment is value judgments made by considering all the evidence presented by all interested parties.

These limits are very important to keep in mind when thinking in environmental management to local or regional projects are used in a limited time and money budget. Therefore, lack of knowledge that can be encountered by managers and citizens in evaluating a particular project may have to do with the limited resources that the scientific ignorance General. Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) is a tool to organize information on the relative value of public investment as an alternative to projects to restore the environment. When the value of all major benefits and costs can be expressed in monetary terms, the net profit (profit minus costs) of alternatives under consideration can be calculated and used to identify alternatives that gives the greatest increase welfare. However, since environmental goods and services are not commonly bought or sold on a market can be difficult to express the results a project to restore the environment in monetary terms.

 

 

Risk monitoring

 

It is recognized that the control can take many forms and achieve several objectives before, during and after the proposed dredging and placement. This document does not provide an exhaustive description of the control technology, but focuses on the role of surveillance as a necessary element in the context of the implementation of BMP. In particular, control can be given as a management practice itself or to evaluate the effect of management practices. Surveillance is the first step to determine if corrective action necessary to ensure the required results [13,14].

One of the key issues in a monitoring program the environment is the ability to combine the objectives of monitoring different parameters in a single investigation. Monitoring programs can be classified into three types:

1. Supervisory control
2. Comments monitoring
3. Compliance Monitoring

The formulation of an appropriate monitoring strategy requires the following elements:

1. Goal Directed
2. Beeline condition
3. Monitoring criteria
4. Methodology to measure changes
5. The threshold values
6. appropriate level of review

Specific monitoring requirements and based on survey results reference. For example, surveys may be needed to create:

1. The abundance and species distribution, what is necessary to determine
2. the type of species recovery and the community in the study area;
3. The effect of dredging on seafloor morphology;
4. The effect of dredging on the concentration of suspended sediment in the water column;
5. The type of substrate remaining after dredging;
6. The use of the area by fish and
7. The real effects on sensitive species or communities in the study area.

Sometimes, studies of model can be used to determine the location suitable for monitoring. Monitoring involves many uncertainties and difficulties that must be taken into account. The models are generally not well validated or calibrated so that it is not easy to quantify with certainty whether the results are constantly improving. After the criteria monitoring have been selected, the methodology for measuring changes in the criteria that needs fixed.

 

Monitoring can be in the water column, the deep ocean, on land or air. It can be physical, chemical or biological or a combination. The key considerations in determining the monitoring methodology are summarized below:

1. The methodology used to monitor the effects of the environment should be the same as that used to determine the characteristics of the relevant parameters in the baseline study, to ensure comparability.
2. Sampling stations should be the same, although probably less stations (ie the characteristic of interest may require a more specific approach was adopted for the baseline study).
3. For parameters whose time is critical (eg, sampling, and benthic fish), regular surveys should be conducted in the same season that the study to ensure that seasonal changes in abundance and distribution does not affect the results.
4. The sampling frequency is determined on the basis of objectives and monitoring criteria. The expected impact is also a factor in determining the sampling frequency. For some parameters (eg, impacts on geology), changes occur in a timescale and therefore require less frequent monitoring, possibly after the draft.

It is important to identify a level above or below which an unacceptable effect, known as a threshold for the environment. If the inspectors find that the threshold is near important actions, corrective measures to reduce the level of effect. In the absence of a threshold value, monitoring of multiple parameters is justified to improve the knowledge base of the particular effect. Rapid review the results of surveillance is essential to the success of the program. It is recommended that monitoring results should be reviewed in time for significant adjustments to the dredging and placement.

 

Conclusions

Dredging of economic and social benefits for the community. But dredging, and often impact on the environment outside the desired change, saying the deepening of a channel. To assess the significance of these effects an EIS is often required to undertake. In this study, the cumulative effects and in combination, should be considered it important to place the dredging activities in the context of other activities such as fishing, sailing, earlier work rules, etc. for the system design was prescriptive in nature. Performance standards, using the methods of assessment security and reliability the design of manufacturing components and test equipment is recommended for the hybrid alternative energy system.

Failure system and no environmental concerns in previous projects on all areas of human endeavor to adopt the precautionary principle, and provide tools to carry out dredging projects in a design environment-friendly and based on the global system based on the scientific method mentioned in this article. Correctly apply the precautionary incentive to develop the best solutions. In this article, and structured approach strives to achieve an objective means of selecting the risk management option best suited to lead to better environmental protection and meet the requirements of sustainable development. Absolute reliability of the dredging work can be performed using statistical forecasting tools and data collection.

Reference

[1] Lewis III Erftemeijer EPL and RRL (2006): Environmental impacts of dredging on seagrasses: A review. Marine Pollution Bulletin 52, pp 1553-1512

[2] JB Herbich (2000): Handbook of Dredging Engineering, 2nd edition. McGraw-Hill Professional, 992 pages

[3] International Maritime Organization (IMO), 2000): lines specific guidelines for evaluating dredged material

[4] John SA, SL Challinor, M Simpson, J BurtTN and Spearman (2000). Definition the scope of the assessment of sediment plumes from dredging. CIRIA report C547, London, 190 pages

[5] Keevin MC (1998): Review of Natural Resources Agency Recommendations to mitigate the impacts of underwater blasting. Reviews of Fishery Science, pp 281-313

[6] Delta Project (2007): Final Report Item 6 'sustainable dredging strategies. Framework for a sustainable dredging. 2007, 48 pages www.newDelta.org

[7] OSPAR (2007): Draft review of the literature impacts of disposal of dredged sediments at sea Document number. 07/2/2-E EIHA

[8] International Maritime Organization (IMO). Amendments to the Guidelines for Formal Safety Assessment (FSA) for use in the process of making the rule IMO. MSC - MEPC.2/Circ 5 (MSC/Circ.1023 - MEPC Circ 2006 [9] PIANC (2006): Working Group operations. EnviCom 10: Environmental Risk Assessment and dredging.

PIANC 10] (2008): Working Group Envicom14: materials options and resource constraints and dredging

[11] EnviCom PIANC Working Group 16: Construction and around the harbor dredging tbp coral reefs

12 HL] Rees, Murray LA, Waldock R, BolamSG, DS Limpenny CE and Mason (2002): dredged from the port of evolution: a case study of options for effective environmental management.

[13] EPA (2001): Guidelines for the management of dredging. The best environmental practices. Environmental Protection Authority, Victoria, Australia. Publication 691. 116pages.

[14] PIANC (1998) Working Group I TPC-17: Management and treatment of contaminated dredged material from ports and waterways "CDM"

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About the Author

O. Sulaiman, PhD, CEnG, CMarEng

osulaiman@gmail.com

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2. Build your list. Every internet marketer knows that “the gold is in the list.” I’ve added thousands of names to my mailing list by giving away an e-book in exchange for email addresses. Once a person opts in to your list, you have their permission to contact them and tell them about the products you have for sale.

3. Increase your visibility and credibility. You will be viewed as an authority on the subjects you write about, provided you write informative and accurate e-books. If you can persuade a more prominent author to co-write with you, you increase your credibility.

In return, your co-author will receive the benefits of increased productivity, more visibility and more income.

4. Drive traffic to your other projects. Always include web site addresses in the header of your e-books. There are many opportunities to tempt your readers to explore your sales sites.

What To Write About

I can remember a time when there was no such thing as an e-book. I suspect that in the future all books will be e-books. Right now, the most successful e-books are nonfiction.

A look at the best selling e-books on Clickbank reveals titles like: “How to…,” “The Ten Secrets of…,” “Get Paid to…”

There is a school of thought that says you should diligently research the search engines and current clickbank inventory to find out what people want and then write your e-book targeting the identified market, regardless of your interest in or knowledge of the subject.

This strikes me as similar to trying to drive while looking in your rearview mirror. Although research is good, this particular research only tells you what’s behind you. It seems to come from a mindset of scarcity-as if you can only write one e-book! With the tools I’m about to give you, you can write an e-book a day if you want to.

The “next big thing” is going to come from someone who comes up with something new and different-why shouldn’t it be you?

You should pick a subject that interests you, and one that you already know something about. If you have experience working on cars, you might consider writing a book on basic automobile maintenance.

Target a specific market. This e-book is for people who are writing their first e-book. If I were writing for Literature Majors in Graduate School, I would write an entirely different book.

Using our example of a book on automobile maintenance, you could target housewives, teenage girls, senior citizens, or people who own vintage Fords. In my opinion, a book on that subject that would be valuable to all those groups would be too long and complex for the e-book format.

The Public Domain

For information about copyrights and the public domain, go to http://www.copyright.gov/circs/circ1.html

Here’s a brief run-down of the rules. If am not a lawyer, and this is not meant to be legal advice. If you’re unsure, hire a lawyer!

Almost anything copyrighted before 1923 is in the public domain.

Some works published between 1923 and 1989 without proper copyright notice, and works published before 1964 whose copyrights weren’t renewed, may be in the public domain.

Tony Laidig’s book, The Public Domain Code Book has an exhaustive list of resources for finding public domain books. I recommend it highly.

Several internet marketing fortunes have been made by recycling out of print books that have lapsed into the public domain. The laws concerning public domain have changed through the years.

There is a virtually endless supply of valuable and useful books that, with a new title and a modern cover, still have lots of life-and sales- left in them.

Once you’re absolutely sure that the book you’re interested in recycling is in the public domain, you’re free to copy, augment, edit, repackage and sell it. There are some tricks to this-if you’re not sure, ask a lawyer-but once you’ve learned the ground rules, you’ve got the accumulated inventory of centuries of writing at your disposal.

If you use a public domain work as a starting place, and add your own original material to it, you have created a “derivative work” and may be able to copyright that!

Here’s a hint: almost all government publications are in the public domain.

Find a Work In The Public Domain

A quick Google search found these resources. This will change daily.

Project Gutenberg has over ten thousand books online. Many of them are in the public domain.

Their license page explains the rules. Project Gutenberg mainly focuses on literature.

Books For a Buck has an index of sources for free books, many of them in the public domain.

The Alex Catalogue of Electronic Texts has an online search engine for finding public domain works.

The Internet Public Library is another search engine for finding public domain works.

The Digital Library at Dartmouth has some good links.

Rebrand a Public Domain Work

If you find a book in the public domain, or acquire the rights to an existing book, you have the option of “rebranding” that book.

There have been several successful e-books whose authors merely changed the title and cover on existing public domain works.

If a book is out of print but not in the public domain, there’s a good chance the author will sell you all or part of the rights.

Once you’ve acquired your book, you need to “rebrand” it. A great title and cover is all you need.

There is an art to creating effective titles for e-books. The title is your headline. An interesting and arresting title is your most effective selling tool.

Remember that people buy benefits. How those benefits are created is less interesting to a reader than what the benefits are. Remember, the question your potential buyer is asking is, “what’s in it for me?”

A book on investing? The benefits would be increased financial security, increased buying power, and financial freedom. The title, “Fire Your Boss” will sell more e-books than “A Comparative Analysis of Market Index Financial Products,” although both books might have the same content.

Look for the positive outcome for your reader. Will your recipe book help them lose weight or find a mate? “Sexy Salads” will probably sell a lot more copies than “Roughage Recipes For A Clean Colon.” A lot more.

Write a Workbook or Study Guide Using A Public

Domain Work

One of the fastest ways to create a new product using existing material is to write a workbook or study guide.

My first e-book, co-written with Joe Vitale, was The Think and Grow Rich Workbook. Thousands of people have found success by applying the techniques that Napoleon Hill describes in his book.

It was Joe who pointed out that one edition of the book had lapsed into the public domain. Only one edition, and I’m not going to tell you which one. Don’t try this at home.

Sitting in my favorite coffee shop, I harvested the rich fruit from the book and reverse engineered it. . I sent it to Joe and he added his hypnotic contributions. Voila! An e-book was born.

We gave away a copy to everybody who subscribed to the Milagro Research Institute e-zine, Milagro World (www.milagroworld.com). This increased our list by several thousand names in a very short time, and has resulted in some exciting viral marketing.

Since we launched that workbook, I’ve learned a valuable lesson. Although a book may be out of print, its title may be a “trademark.” I learned this lesson from the Napoleon Hill Foundations very efficient legal department. It turns out that, although the book, and the title, have lapsed into the public domain, the title “Think and Grow Rich,” is a trademark of the Napoleon Hill Foundation.

They also claim that the words “Grow Rich,” when used in the title of a product, will create confusion in the consumer’s mind.

The concept of “confusion in the consumer’s mind” is pretty vague- and I suspect the party with the most predatory attorneys will prevail if it ever came to litigation. The mere threat of litigation is enough to cause most authors, including me, to rename their products.

When I write, I like to work from an outline. Many authors do. It’s a great tool for organizing your thoughts. You can break a large, intimidating project down into smaller, more manageable projects.

To create a workbook, it’s useful to work backwards and make an outline from the existing book. Write down the title of the chapter.

Now go through the chapter and write down the major points. The idea is to strip away everything but the essential facts.

Once you’ve distilled the chapter down to the bare necessities, put it back together again in your own words. Pretend that you’re using your notes to tell a friend what the chapter is about. If your friends are anything like mine, you’ll want to tell them in clear simple sentences.

You can increase the value of your workbook, and get more mileage out of your work, by including a chapter quiz. Go back and pick out a handful of the most important facts from each chapter and restate them in question form.

For example, if one of your facts is “The capital of Texas is Austin,” you might write “What is the Capital of Texas?” I told you this was easy!

About the Author

Pat O'Bryan is the CEO of Practical Metaphysics, Inc., Director of the Milagro Research Institute, an award winning songwriter, recording artist, visual artist, author, video producer and internet marketer. He is the host and promoter of the "Your Portable Empire" Un-Seminars.

Work at home, or from anywhere - http://www.patobryan.com